Final Exam Study Guide

Cell Physiology Final Study

  1. Transport
    1. Know characteristics of transport systems and examples
    2. Table 4-2, Figure 4-15

  2. Electrophysiology
    1. Know ionic basis for membrane potential (chemical and electrical)
    2. Know ionic mechanisms of action potentials
    3. Know events of neurotransmission
      1. Know how to modulate neurotransmission
      2. Figure 6-34, Table 6-5
    4. Know how action potentials are generated by EPPs, EPSPs and IPSPs

  3. Muscle
    1. Know mechanisms of muscle contraction
      1. Table 9-2
    2. Know mechanisms involved in regulation of muscle tension.
      1. Table 9-4, Figures 9-20, 9-21, 9-25, 9-26.
    3. Know the mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction. Fig 9-34, 9-35.

GI Study Guide

Introduction to the GI system, functions of the GI organs, and structure of the GI tract wall

1. Know the parts of the gastrointestinal tract, the accessory organs, and the functions of each.
2. Know the four major processes of the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Know the exocrine secretions of the gastrointestinal tract and the functions of each secretion.
4. Know that there is a balance of fluid and solid ingestion, secretion, absorption and excretion.
5. Know the structure of the gastrointestinal wall.

Digestion and absorption

1. Know the mechanisms of digestion and absorption of carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, water, and minerals as discussed.

Gastrointestinal regulation, mouth, pharynx, esophagus and stomach acid

1. Know the neural and hormonal regulation of gastrointestinal function.
2. Know the cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases of gastrointestinal control.
3. Know the function of the mouth, pharynx and esophagus in gastrointestinal function.
4. Know the acid secretion mechanism and its control in the stomach.

Pepsin secretion, gastric motility, and pancreatic secretions

1. Know the mechanism of pepsinogen secretion, its conversion to pepsin and the action
of pepsin.
2. Know the types of gastric motility and the mechanisms involved.
3. Know the types of pancreatic secretions and their mechanisms of action.

Bile secretion, liver function, and small intestine

1. Know the contents of bile, its actions, and mechanism of secretion into the duodenum.
2. Know the mechanisms of secretion, absorption and motility in the small intestine.

Large intestine and pathophysiology of the GI tract

1. Know the parts and actions of the large intestine.
2. Know the mechanisms of motility and defecation of the large intestine.
3. Know the cause and effect of ulcers, gallstones, lactose intolerance, constipation, and
diarrhea and the mechanism and effects of vomiting.

Endocrinology

  1. Know functional anatomy of hypothalamus-pituitary system
    1. Figure 11-12

  2. Know regulation of release of anterior pituitary hormones via trophic hormones.
    1. Figures 11-17, 11-18, 11-19 and thyroid negative feedback figure in syllabus

  3. Metabolism
    1. Know events in absorptive and post-absorptive states.
      1. Figures 16-1 & 16-2, 16-3 summary Tables 16-1 & 16-2
    2. Know how insulin and glucagon regulate metabolism.
      1. Figures 16-4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 & 12

  4. Energy Balance
    1. Know what hormones regulate metabolic rate
    2. Know how thyroid hormone is regulated (E-12 in syllabus)

  5. Stress
    1. Know what hormones are involved in responses to stress, pg E 50-52 in syllabus
    2. Know metabolic effects of cortisol, Table 16-3

Reproduction

  1. Male Reproduction
    1. Know steps in spermatogenesis
      1. Figure 17-7, 17-9
    2. Know hormonal regulation of male reproduction Figure 17-11
    3. Know function of Leydig and Sertoli cells Table 17-2
    4. Know events of erection, emission and ejaculation Fig. 17-10

  2. Female Reproduction
    1. Know menstrual cycle and regulation of female reproduction
      1. Figures 17-15, 16, 17, 18, 20 & 21, Tables 17-4, 17-5 &17-6, 17-7
    2. Know actions of estrogen and progesterone, Table 17-8

  3. Pregnancy, parturition and Birth Control
    1. Know events of fertilization, Figure 17-23
    2. Know functions of the placenta
    3. Know hormonal events during pregnancy, Figure 17-28
    4. Know events of parturition, Figure 17-30
    5. Know mechanisms of lactation, Figure 17-32

Autonomic Nervous System

  1. Concentrate on the table presented on ANS-11-12. Thus, you should know the effects of stimulating the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on the organs.

Central Nervous System

  1. There are no questions specifically related to pages N-1 through N-23 (first two lectures).

  2. Know the major function(s) of each cranial nerve. Table 6-8 on p. 198 of Vander is adequate for this.

  3. For Fundamentals of Sensory Processing, know sections III and IV.

  4. For The Somatosensory System, know all of the anatomical connections for the dorsal column/medial lemniscal pathway, spinothalamic system, and trigeminal system, and know what sensations each pathway transmits. Also know section III on pain.

  5. For Pain Management, know sections IV - VI. For the drugs in this lecture, know the mechanisms of action.

  6. For The Visual System, know sections III.B., IV, and V. Know the effects of transections of different parts of the visual pathways.

  7. For The Auditory System, know sections III and IV.

  8. For The Vestibular System, know sections III, IV, and V.D.

  9. For Organization of Motor System; Spinal Cord, know sections IV and V.

  10. For Motor Control: Brainstem and Cerebral Cortex, know sections I, II, and IV.

  11. For Motor Control: Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia, know sections III and IV of the cerebellum part, and sections III and IV of the basal ganglia part.

  12. For EEG, Wakefulness, and Sleep, know sections III, V, and VI.

  13. For Limbic System, Motivation, and Emotion, know sections II, III.B. (Reward; note that this is mislabeled "C" in the syllabus), and III.C.

  14. For Cerebral Cortex and Higher Functions, know sections I, II, and III.A.-C.

  15. For What's My Lesion?, there is a question with a spinal cord lesion, so know the paths through the spinal cord.

Renal Physiology

  1. Understand how blood flow to the nephron is regulated and how it influences glomerular filtration.

  2. Know the basic processes (ie, filtration, reabsorption, secretion) that occur in different parts of the nephron, and be able to approximate how much of the originally filtered substances (eg, H2O, Na+) remain after passing through different parts of the renal tubule.

  3. Understand how extracellular osmolarity is regulated.

  4. Understand how vascular volume is regulated.

  5. Understand how plasma levels of Ca++ are regulated.

Cardiovascular Physiology

  1. Review the overall design of the cardiovascular and understand why it is considered a "closed" system.

  2. Review the anatomy of the heart. List the names and locations of the four valves.

  3. Describe the function of the gap junctions and intercalated disks in cardiac muscle cells.

  4. Describe the sequence of electrical activation of the heart beginning with the generation of an action potential in the SA node.

  5. Describe the ionic conductance changes that occur during the generation of a normal ventricular action potential.

  6. Describe the ionic conductance changes that occur during the generation of a normal SA node action potential.

  7. List the three components of the normal electrocardiogram and the associated electrical events.

  8. Review Figure 12-20 in the text or the diagram on page CV-12 of the syllabus. Be able to describe the pressure changes that take place in the left atrium, left ventricle, and central aorta during the cardiac cycle. Indicate the times when the various cardiac valves are either open or closed and when the heart sounds associated with the cardiac cycle occur.

  9. Define the term "cardiac output" and how to calculate it.

  10. Describe the effects of increased and decreased autonomic nervous system activity on pacemaker activity, cardiac function, and peripheral vascular resistance.

  11. Draw a ventricular function curve and describe the Frank-Starling mechanism for increasing stroke volume. On that same diagram, show the effect of increasing cardiac contractility.

  12. Define the term "ejection fraction" and how to calculate it.

  13. List the three local control mechanisms responsible for regulating blood flow into a vascular bed.

  14. Write the equation that describes the bulk flow of fluid into and out of systemic capillaries. For a given set of values for each parameter, calculate the net flow.

  15. Describe how the "skeletal muscle pump" and "respiratory pump" work to promote venous blood flow.

  16. Describe the function of the lymphatic system. Where does lymph return to the cardiovascular system?

  17. List the two determinants of mean arterial blood pressure.

  18. Describe the operation of the baroreceptor system. What does the term "adaptation" mean in this context?

Respiratory Physiology

  1. Name the anatomic structures associated with the respiratory system. Classify these structures as to whether they belong to the conducting zone or the respiratory zone.

  2. Describe how the lungs are protected from particulate matter and bacteria that are inspired.

  3. Name the two kinds of cells that constitute the alveolar epithelium.

  4. Name the structures and spaces that comprise the "respiratory membrane".

  5. Describe the structure of the pleural sac and the structures to which it is attached.

  6. Write the equation that describes the bulk flow of air into and out of the respiratory system.

  7. State Boyle's Law and describe how it applies to the generation of negative and positive pressures (with respect to atmospheric) in the alveoli.

  8. Define the transpulmonary pressure and describe how changes in this pressure are made and the effect these changes have on lung volume.

  9. Study Figure 13-12 in the text and use it to describe the sequence of events that occur during inspiration and expiration.

  10. Understand the concept of elastic recoil of the lungs and the relation of this elastic recoil to the compliance of the lung.

  11. Describe the role of surfactant in normal respiratory function. Where is it produced?

  12. List the physical, neural, and chemical factors that determine airway resistance.

  13. List the four discrete lung volumes and the five associated lung capacities.

  14. Write the equations used to calculate minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation.

  15. Understand the concepts of anatomic and physiological dead space.

  16. Write the equation used to calculate the respiratory quotient.

  17. Understand the concept of the partial pressures of gases in a gas mixture.

  18. List the values for the partial pressures of the two major gases in the atmosphere and the four gases in the alveoli.

  19. List the factors that determine the values of alveolar PO2 and PCO2.

  20. Describe the effects of hypoventilation and hyperventilation on alveolar PO2 and PCO2.

  21. Describe what is meant by the term "ventilation-perfusion abnormalities".

  22. What is the physical significance of the "percent saturation" of hemoglobin?

  23. Draw a normal oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. What is the significance of the steep and plateau portions of this curve?

  24. List four factors or conditions that cause the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to "shift". What effect does each of these shifts have on the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin?

  25. List the three forms in which CO2 is carried in the blood.

  26. Describe how (where) hydrogen ions are carried in the blood.

  27. Describe the neural components involved in initiating normal respiration and forced expiration.

  28. Describe how the rhythmic activity of breathing is established.

  29. Describe the roles of PO2, PCO2, and H+ concentrations in controlling normal breathing. Where are the receptors for these substances located?

  30. Describe how ventilation is controlled during moderate exercise.

  31. List and define four hypoxias.
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